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An Academic Study of Climate Disinformation

To begin, I recognize that in today's world there are many people who care more for agendas and ideologies than realities, and those who belittle, ignore or refuse to believe any truth that contradicts convictions they have chosen or have been impelled or coerced to believe. So, I will open with a cautionary note by remembering the wise observations of three brilliant minds.
There are truths which are not for all men.”  —Voltaire (A.D. 1694-1778)
In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act.”  —George Orwell
Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more,
 so that we may fear less
.”  —Madame Marie Curie, physicist and twice winner of the Nobel Prize

Disinformation Examples    Historical Background    Psychological Elements    Intent & Sources    Political Propaganda

Jenna set9 img12Climate Disinformation - The Persistent Scourge, by Jenna Wolfe, Ph.D.:  Disinformation is a persistent scourge in efforts to disseminate accurate information with respect to climate issues. Research indicates that a significant portion of the American public has been gravely misinformed by inaccurate narratives fueled by disinformation campaigns orchestrated by certain vested interests.
     To combat climate change disinformation, the University of Geneva in Switzerland has taken a novel approach to address the problem by developing and testing psychological interventions intended to assist people in identifying and fending off disinformation. A team led by Dr. Spampatti conducted extensive research involving nearly 7,000 participants, and each finding of the study underscores the persuasive nature of disinformation and the urgent need to counteract it. According to Spampatti, certain corporate interests, lobbying groups and political organizations have been spreading disinformation for more than 30 years.
   The study found that these disinformation messages have created, "An unfounded acceptance of inaccurate climate reporting by the corporate media and in political speeches, and a vast underestimation of the socio-financial burden of climate policies based on falsified information." Spampatti and his colleagues developed a theoretical framework based on the psychology of climate change disinformation. This framework considers various factors, including the source, content, recipients, and psychological aspects influencing the processing of information. ‘‘As individuals, we do not process scientific messages as neutral receivers of information, but by weighing them up against our prior beliefs, emotional ties and socio-cultural and ideological backgrounds. Depending on the configuration of these psychological factors, false information can be amplified and become resistant to correction,'' explains Spampatti.
     Based on their findings, the researchers developed psychological intervention strategies to prevent climate disinformation from influencing people's climate-related beliefs and actions. They tested these strategies on 6,816 participants. Each strategy focused on a specific theme: verified scientific data, trust in accurate climate data, transparent communication, and positive emotions towards factual climate information.

   Yet the science of countering disinformation is still young. "Our intervention strategies didn’t work as hoped," said Spampatti, lead author of the study and a neuroscience researcher. According to the study, climate change disinformation persuades people “extremely effectively, far more than factual scientific information does.” The disinformation the participants were exposed to during the study—meant to simulate the "fake news" people encounter in the media and on social media platforms—had an enormous impact, effectively overwhelming the intervention strategies and accurate climate information. "All sorts of strategies that would seem to be potent turn out not to persuade people—or they do, but the effect is ephemeral, with people reverting to their original false beliefs in as little as a week." Part of the problem was the "genuine appeal" of disinformation. A primary finding of the study, published in Nature Human Behavior, is that climate change disinformation is more persuasive than scientific facts.
    The study found, quote:There is an alarming persuasiveness within climate disinformation. We found that the protective effect of our strategies is small and disappears following additional exposures to disinformation, especially via the media,” said Spampatti. “Once these beliefs have taken root, it’s harder to disabuse people of them. Climate disinformation used in this study had a negative influence on people's understanding of climate change realities and sustainable behavior. Research in this field is still in its infancy. We are going to continue our work and look for more effective forms of intervention.”

Examples of Climate Change Disinformation

The study found four primary areas of climate disinformation that have been, quote: "Very effectively utilized by vested interests, especially when propagated through the mainstream media and on social media platforms."
     1. Hurricane frequency and intensity
     2. Wildfire frequency and amount of land area burned
     3. Historically unprecedented floods and droughts
     4. Deaths resulting from climate change influenced events

Here is a detailed examination of those four (4) specific areas of climate change disinformation, along with the actual facts.
NOTE
: Lest anyone misinterpret it, the purpose of the following is not to suggest that climate change has not been occurring, but rather to provide accurate data from top research centers that can assist in understanding climate issues which are frequently misrepresented by the corporate media, social media platforms, and some politicians.
    Also please note that, although the majority of climate disinformation is intentionally created and disseminated to support a very specific agenda, some is the result of scientists engaging in what's called "pathological science." Pathological science is a psychological process in which a scientistinitially conforming to the scientific methodunconsciously veers from a rigorous methodology and begins an intractable process of what's called "wishful data interpretation," generally resulting from the observer-expectancy effect, cognitive bias, and/or an ideological belief system. Pathological science presents an often convincing but easily falsifiable claim, as is apparent when the claim is compared to the true and factual data, as follows:
1)  Disinformation: "Climate change is causing more frequent and increasingly intense hurricanes."
       This is false.  FACTS: The comprehensive record of all hurricanes that have made landfall since 1851—including those in 2023—shows no upward trend in the number of major hurricanes over the last 172 years. Moreover, there has been a 50 percent reduction in the number of major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater) making landfall in the U.S. over the last 90 years, since the 1930s.  Sources: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA);  Princeton Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory;  U.S. Geological Survey; National Hurricane Center;  National Weather Service;  High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University; et alia.
  This chart is from the Princeton Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory covering a period of 1980 through July 31, 2023.

Global Hurricane Frequency

2)  Disinformation: "Climate change is causing more frequent, larger and more intense wildfires."
       Also false.  FACTS: The world's land area is 57,510,000 square miles (148,940,000 sq km), which is 29.2% of the Earth's surface (70.8% is water and ice). Around the turn of the century in 1900, an estimated 4.5% of the land area of the world burned in wildfires every year, or an average of about 2,587,950 square miles annually. By the year 2000, NOAA and the NCDC reported that this had declined to 3.2%, or 1,840,320 square miles, a reduction of 29 percent. Then, over the last two decades, NOAA satellites show an even further decline. In 2021, about 2.7% burned, and in 2022 just 2.4% burned, about 1,380,240 square miles, a REDUCTION of 47 percent in land area burned, some 1,207,710 fewer square miles than in the early 1900s (an area the size of India), and 460,080 fewer square miles than in 2000.
    
The current data is showing the total amount of land area burned in 2023 is estimated to have been 2.6% of the world's land area, approximately 1,543,750 square miles, a REDUCTION of 41 percent in land area burned over the last 120 years, some 1,044,200 fewer square miles than in the 1900s Sources: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geostationary Satellite Data (2022), Washington, DC;  the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), Asheville, NC;  and the Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton, NJ.
    FACTS: In the United States, the peak in the number of acres burned actually occurred in 1930 with over 52,000,000 acres burned, compared to 7,577,000 in 2022, a DECREASE of 85%, and 2,634,000 acres burned in 2023, a DECREASE of 95% over the last 93 years. And the peak in the number of wildfires actually occurred in 1981 with about 244,890, compared to 69,988 in 2022, a DECREASE of 71%, and 55,570 wildfires in 2023, a DECREASE of 77% over the last four decadesSource: The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), the nation's center for wildland fires, providing statistics that encompass lands managed by all federal, state, local, tribal, and private agencies.

This chart is from the National Interagency Fire Center covering a period from 1926 through 2020. Since the late 1970s and early 1980s, the actual number of wildfires in the United States has dropped by over 75%. The arrows pointing down on the left side of the chart indicate the true record years for heat and drought in the U.S., which occurred in 1930 through 1941, the era of the infamous "Dust Bowl," which began 93 years ago and ended 82 years ago.  NOTE: Please beware of the disinformation where this chart has been censored by showing the first date at the lowest point in the number of fires, the very wet year of 1983, to make it appear that wildfires are becoming more frequent and burning more acreage, intentionally omitting the previous 58 years, since that would be devastating to their false narrative.
                    1930          1941
U.S. Wildfires 1926 through 2020

3)  Disinformation: "Climate change is causing historically unprecedented floods and droughts."
       Also false. 
FACTS: A very clear graphic representation of the actual data is presented in this new chart from NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information titled "U.S. Percentage Areas Very Wet/Very Dry." The chart covers a period from January 1895 to August 2023128 yearsand is described as follows: "Contiguous United States percentage areas are based on the U.S. Climate Divisional Dataset. Climate divisions with a standardized anomaly in the top ten percent (> 90th percentile) of their historical distribution are considered 'very wet' and those in the bottom ten percent (< 10th percentile) are classified as 'very dry'."
     In other words, the chart clearly shows what percentage of the U.S. was either unusually wet or unusually dry through the entire time period of 128 years. You can see the results for yourself, of course, but obviously over the last several years there have been some wet and dry months, yet despite the media's claims, nothing that exceeds many previous very wet or very dry months over the last 128 years. If you look closely, you can see that there have been dozens of months going back to January 1895 that were either much wetter or much dryer than in recent years
.
NOAA Wet-Dry Chart
For a much longer term view, the chart below depicts a reconstruction from tree rings and other reliable proxies of the wet and dry pattern in North America and Europe over the 1012 year period from the year 1000 to 2012, with direct observational data from 1901 to 2018 displayed on the right. Dryness is denoted by negative values (below the 0 line), wetness by positive values (above the 0 line). The blue line denotes a running average of wet/dry periods. Sources: NOAA's National Center for Environmental Information;  The National Science Foundation's Center for Atmospheric Research, Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI);  Communications Earth & Environment, 2/61 (2021), et alia.
     Again, you can see for yourself, but please note that during the 118 year period from the year 1900 through 2018 there are no exceptionally or unprecedentedly wet or dry periods, and the running average (blue line) is actually in a very stable pattern with little negative (dry) or positive (wet) fluctuation as compared to the preceding 900 years from 1000 to 1900.
•    In summation, the information on the two charts makes it abundantly clear any claim that "Climate change is causing historically unprecedented floods and droughts" is baseless and represents a pure fabrication.

NFSC, CEE, NOAA Wet-Dry 1000 year chart

4)  Disinformation: "Climate change is generating record death tolls worldwide."
       Also absolutely false.  FACTS: The truth reveals one of the greatest accomplishments of modern civilization. Comprehensive analysis from the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Center, The Global Change Data Lab, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation shows a dramatic decrease in the global annual death rate from all climate related events (hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts, landslides, extreme temperatures) over the last century. Deaths have fallen from a high of 0.61 per 100,000 people in the 1920s, when reliable, accurate records begin, to 0.04 per 100,000 people in the 2010s, a decrease of 93.4%. The data for 2020 indicates a further drop to an estimated 0.031 per 100,000 people, an average decrease in climate related deaths of 22.5% from the decade of 2010 to 2019.
     And the International Disaster Center, Global Change Data Lab, and Institute for Health Metrics released this report in July 2023:  "For 2022, the data is now complete and shows a 98.7% REDUCTION in the number of deaths from climate-related events over the period of the last 100 years. Additionally, 2022 shows a reduction of 58.8% in climate-related deaths from the year 2020."       
     Sources: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium;  The Global Change Data Lab, a co-operative organization of University College London, University of Oxford, and the University of Bristol, England, UK;  and The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Population Health Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
   The chart below is from 'Our World in Data'. The decadal record for the 103 year period from 1920 through 2023 is based on EM-DAT data-sets, CRED data-sets, and incorporates data from the OFDA International Disaster Database. For example, the bar for 1920 represents the numbers for 1920 to 1929, and so on. Note: Data for the years 1900 through 1919 is unavailable, incomplete, and/or unreliable.

Dedadal average climate-related deaths
POINT: The study found this example of climate disinformation
"Climate change is generating record death tolls worldwide," in some cases baselessly claiming 15 million deaths each year—is by far the most heinous and destructive in its impact. A profound danger of this extreme form of climate disinformation is the creation of stress, grief, and despair, which has become a growing mental health problem. An innovative study published in 'The Lancet' found that over half of respondents between the ages of 16 and 25 reported feeling very or extremely worried about the climate. This new form of mental stress has been dubbed “climate anxiety” or “climate-catastrophe anxiety.” Defined as a “heightened emotional, mental or somatic distress in response to perceived changes in the climate system,” climate anxiety can create a sense of hopelessness, grief, anger, guilt, and existential dread. Distress about climate change is especially dangerous in young people who have been indoctrinated by climate disinformation to believe that they have no future, and that humanity is doomed. This erasing of the line between fact and fantasy is extremely dangerous.
     The study further noted: "The indoctrination required to create climate-catastrophe anxiety succeeds when disinformation causes people to disbelieve or ignore accurate climate facts and data and thereby lose contact with the reality around them, and without these contacts, individuals lose the capacity of both experience and thought. The ideal subject for climate-catastrophe anxiety is not just the naïve young person or the significantly gullible, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction—i.e., the reality of experience—and the distinction between true and false—i.e., the standards of thought—no longer exist."

Historical Background
The phenomena of disinformation with respect to climate science dates back decades, and its role and influence on policy has been researched extensively. Politically-motivated organizations, for example, have been singled out for their role in funding politicians, think tanks, and media outlets that specialize in casting doubt on accurate climate data and spreading disinformation, behavior that has “substantially contributed to influencing global climate policy for decades.” The purpose of this web of disinformation has been to confuse the public and decision-makers in order to attack free-market ideologies.
     The means by which climate disinformation is disseminated is worth considering:Well-credentialed pundits serve as spokespersons on media forums outside any peer-review or fact-checking process.
Thus, it appears to policy elites, journalists, and of course the general public that there is a legitimate “set of climate data” which is in reality fabricated disinformation, and that it should receive serious attention. Climate disinformation advocates sow confusion in a public that is often unaware that the true data elements of climate science have actual vetting, good-faith researchers, corroboration, and peer-review.
     Additionally,
It has proven difficult to identify all the funding sources that support the Climate Disinformation Industry (CDI). Many of the organizations that disseminate climate disinformation are nonprofit groups or foreign entities which are not required to disclose their donors, and organizations whose funding is channeled through offshore accounts which cannot be properly traced. In addition to those directly associated with far-left interests, key funding of dissemination of climate disinformation has often been part of a broader constellation promoting baseless government policies and regulations in general.
     Whether during a presidential election year or not, there is now grave concern about politically-motivated groups or individuals spreading false information in order to influence or change public opinion—as well as growing concern over financially-motivated schemes to produce "news" articles with fear-mongering disinformation to attract clicks. With respect to current political debates, many of the hegemonic political projects, while admittedly amorphous, are the efforts of political forces to promote far-left political narratives, leaders, and policies. Critics argue that these forces Pose a serious threat in large part due to their aim to contribute to the undermining of the institutions of democracy and a free society.”

                                                                      Psychological Elements of Disinformation
The question is often asked: Why is climate change disinformation regarding hurricanes, wildfires, floods, droughts, and alleged death tolls so appealing and persuasive? Here's a deeper look from research and findings in the field of neuroscience.
     Disinformation, climate or otherwise, acts as a kind of
surrogate life. "You absorb it so seamlessly that you might think you knew something—like hurricanes supposedly increasing in number, say—before having been exposed to disinformation from the primary CDI purveyors like IPCC and EDF, or secondary purveyors like CNN, MSNBC, Grist or wherever. And you'll also retain that false information even if you didn’t mean to."
     This certainly seems like a liability: Philosophers have long concerned themselves with what they call “the paradox of propaganda”—why would we find fabricated stories emotionally appealing at all? The answer is that most of our mind does not realize that fiction is fiction, so we react to it as though it were real, and the more it elicits an emotional reaction to a sense of danger or threat the more real it seems.
     Those who fabricate and disseminate climate disinformation utilize this powerful psychological aspect of fear as a very effective tool in creating a false sense of reality for the consumers of their propaganda.
A Berkeley psychology professor described disinformation as, quote, "An extraordinary propaganda campaign directed at the young, the uninformed, the mentally unstable, and the naïve, utilizing powerful psychological techniques of manipulation."
                                                               "Our brains cannot help but believe."
•    In the field of psychology, this is known as scotomisation or motivated perception, which means the way in which the brain interprets the truth when it expects to see a certain thing, the psychological tendency in people to see what they want to see and not see what they don't want to see, often described as "the mind sees what it wants to see." There’s a great amount of experimental evidence for this. Children, for example, sometimes believe that puppets are alive. Even animals sometimes react to pictures the same way they react to real things. The industrialized world is so full of representations and narratives, like in media and in ads, that we forget that it’s just ink, or pixels on a computer screen.
     "Every time our ancestors saw something that looked like a human face, it was one. When they saw what looked like a water source in the distance, a stream or pond, it actually was one. If they saw impala or wildebeests on the horizon, they were real. As a result, we did not evolve to distinguish reality from falsity. The same perceptual machinery interprets both. These parts of our minds, even in the prefrontal cortex, do not know that what we’re seeing, or reading, isn’t real." And these perceptual areas of our brains are very closely connected to our emotions. That’s why emotions don’t just motivate us to act in certain ways but force us to interpret the world differently.

                                                                     Disinformation - Intent & Sources
The consistent question from study participants regarding the disinformation and fabrications they had heard from politicians and the media was: "What's behind all the disinformation? What the heck is going on?" This is a very good question. Fortunately, there are some clear answers. It is important to understand that the people who promote disinformation generally fall into one of four (4) categories.
1) In the first category are the disinformation architects and disseminators, who operate from a very specific agenda. Most of the climate propaganda trumpeted by politicians, the media and many others, originates from the United Nations' "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change." In media articles regarding climate change, the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is often referred to as "the gold standard of climate science." In reality, the IPCC is a highly politicized organization that doesn’t actually carry out any original climate research. Instead, it simply issues assessments based upon supposedly independent surveys of published research. However, the majority of its most widely-publicized conclusions summarized from its reports are neither based upon independent research nor have they been properly vetted through accepted peer-review processes. So what is the basis of their reports? What is their intent and purpose?
    In a rare moment of honesty, Ottmar Edenhofer, an IPCC official and Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group III, said this, quote:One has to free oneself from the illusion that international climate policy is environmental policy. It has almost nothing to do with environmental policy. Instead, climate change policy is about how we redistribute de facto the world’s wealth.” This statement represents a very clear expression of their true intent.
     At another event he said this:First of all, developed countries have basically expropriated the wealth of the world community. But one must say clearly that we must redistribute de facto the world's wealth by climate policy. Obviously, those who produce the world's wealth will not be enthusiastic about this. But one has to free oneself from the illusion that international climate policy is environmental policy.”
     Edenhofer's comments are consistent with others who have admitted the true purpose of the IPCC agenda. Last year, Christiana Figueres, executive secretary of the UN's Framework Convention on Climate Change, made a similar statement: "This is the first time in the history of mankind that we are setting ourselves the task of intentionally, within a defined period of time, changing the economic development model that has been reigning for at least 150 years, to replace free-market capitalism with a global, socialist economic state. This is probably the most difficult task we have ever given ourselves, which is to intentionally transform the entire economic world model."
    In their persistent effort to reach this goal, the United Nations has a long history of claiming catastrophe is right around the corner. The first UN environmental director claimed half-a-century ago that we had just "10 years left" before a "climate catastrophe." And the IPCC director in 2007 insisted that we had just five years before a "climate collapse," and made the astonishing claim that "by 2015, rising seas will displace 187 million people, potentially drowning entire cities."
    Further proof of the IPCC's true agenda can be found in the fact that, since 1988, the IPCC has issued six (6) Assessment Reports, each of which is accompanied by separate "special" reports. A systematic analysis shows that the reports contained thirty-two (32) very specific predictions of climate or environmental conditions that would manifest by the year 2022. Interestingly, not one of those predictions has actually occurred.
As the famous American physicist Richard Feynman once explained:
"It does not matter who you are, or how smart you are, or what title you have,
or how many of you there are, and certainly not how many papers your side
has published, if your predictions are wrong then your hypothesis is wrong. Period
."

    A representative example is the 2022 IPCC report which used selective data, doctored graphs, and baseless claims in the text. The many irregularities provoked Dr. Frederick Seitz, a world-famous physicist and former president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, and Rockefeller University, to write in the Wall Street Journal:I have never witnessed a more disturbing corruption of the peer-review process than events that led to this IPCC report.”
Several hundred climate scientists lodged formal protests regarding unscientific IPCC practices, including complaints that
their work suffered "significant shortcomings" including "invalid modeling tools," "grave modeling errors," "implausible and
inadequately supported assumptions," and "predictions devoid of any scientific evidence." A MIT climatologist wrote:

"Viewed from the largest perspective, the global warming rubric has provided an ideal platform
to accomplish exactly what UN leaders have stated as their goal, to enable the UN to advance
large transformational visions of socialism, wealth redistribution, and ultimately, global governance
."

2) In the second category are what in the academic study of propaganda are referred to as disinformation agents. These people are commonly found on social media platforms such as X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, YouTube and TikTok; and on websites such as Vox, The Guardian, and so on. The utilization of these forums to spread disinformation is understandable. Activism on social media provides people with an emotional outlet and gives them a sense that they are doing something.
     Social media platforms are designed to maximize engagement. Their algorithms are constantly tweaked to make sure that users spend a lot of time on them, and the best ways to drive engagement are to either show people what they will likely agree with or show them content that will frighten or anger them. As a result, the content you will most frequently encounter on social media will either mirror the views you have already adopted or upset you, or both. In other words, engagement on social media typically does not generate any new knowledge, it only reinforces fabrications. When it comes to a conflict as convoluted and as emotionally charged as climate facts vs. climate fear-mongering myths, those are terrible outcomes.
 
    Climate disinformation has no real evidence, so disinformation agents find or make up people to support their assertions. These impersonations can take multiple forms. For example, disinformation agents sometimes use anecdotes as evidence, especially sympathetic stories from vulnerable groups such as women, children, or minorities. Similarly, they may disseminate “concerned citizens” perspectives, laypersons who present their social identity as providing the authority to speak on a climate issue:As a mother …,” “As a veteran …,” or “As a police officer …” Also utilized are “convert communicators,” people who allegedly changed from the “wrong” position to the “right” one, and this can be especially persuasive. These people often don’t actually exist, or may be coerced or paid.
    In addition to ordinary people, “fake experts” are frequently used, and these people basically fall into five (5) groups:
Faux expert. This is someone used for their title, like a Ph.D. or M.D., but who does not have any actual relevant expertise in
    the field of climate science. A nutritionist, veterinarian, or cardiologist are examples.
Pseudo-expert. This is someone who claims relevant expertise, but has no training or experience in the field. These people
   can be identified by this trait
they never present any authentic evidence for their claimseither their so-called 'proof' is
   predicated on a series of sub-proofs leading to an infinite regression, or it tracks back to arbitrary axiomatic statements, or
   it's ultimately circular, i.e. “we know hurricanes have become more frequent because hurricanes have become more frequent.”
'Junk' expert. A junk expert is a sellout, and unfortunately this has become very common. They may have expertise, but now
   say whatever is profitable, or whatever protects their job and career.
An editor at 'New Scientist' magazine explained the
   situation nicely:Political forces are working on many levels to deceive the public into thinking there is unanimity on
   climate issues by stifling and de-funding any scientist who attempts to publish contrasting facts, no matter how
   well-established. We've heard this from dozens of highly respected researchers, all saying the same thing. Einstein
   could not have gotten funding in this kind of oppressive political environment
.”
      Richard Lindzen, a professor of Atmospheric Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), put the situation
   clearly:Scientists who dissent from climate alarmism have seen their funds disappear, their work derided, and
   themselves falsely labeled as industry stooges or climate deniers
.” 
You'll find these people independently making false
   claims—for example,
wildfires are burning more area than ever before—or speaking for institutes or media outlets that
   regularly promote false claims.
Echo expert. This is a person who uses disinformation sources which cite to each other in an attempt to provide evidence
   for their claims. You'll see this as their opening,
As reported in ...  CNN and MSNBC routinely cite stories from The New
   York Times or The Washington Post, and visa versa, creating what is called "an echo chamber of disinformation."
Stolen expert. This is someone who exists, but who was never actually contacted and their research is misinterpreted
   or misrepresented.

3) The third category consists of the media personalities and politicians who echo the IPCC and other propaganda and are motivated by essentially the same agenda, a transition of the U.S. economy from its current form of limited capitalism to a socialist model.
     For example, during an interview with The Washington Post, Saikat Chakrabarti, former chief of staff of New York Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D), revealed that her so-called “Green New Deal” that has dominated the Democrat's agenda is in truth a plan to completely transform America’s economic system. “The interesting thing about the Green New Deal,” Chakrabarti said, “is it wasn’t originally a climate thing at all. Do you guys think of it as a climate thing? Because we really think of it as a how-do-you-change-the-entire economy to socialism thing.” He explained that the Green New Deal is designed to transition the U.S. from an economic system based on capitalism to a collectivist system based on socialism, utilizing climate change as, quote, "a kind of Trojan horse."
Chakrabarti characterized 'The Green New Deal' as "a socialist wishlist disguised as climate policy."
4) The fourth category consists of people who uncritically believe the baseless climate disinformation and fabrications promoted by the media and some politicians. This group includes young people, the gullible, the ideologically-biased, and those who still trust the media (according to Susquehanna Research, that's about 22% of American voters). It is often difficult to distinguish between those who spread malicious propaganda intentionally and those who are merely naïve believers, and in any case, the distinction may not be necessary.                         

Political Propaganda - The Very Strange Case of John Kerry
While keeping the real facts in mind, it is informative to examine a bit of the political propaganda surrounding climate change. Disinformation regarding the climate doesn't come only from the media, of course, many politicians eagerly join in. As a typical and very representative example, let's take a look at the claims made by an ostensibly knowledgeable person, the one Joe Biden picked to be his “Special Presidential Envoy for Climate,” John F. Kerry, who has been making amazing claims for decades, and here I must assure you that this is entirely accurate and is not a parody.
A brief sample of statements made by John Kerry, and please keep an eye on the dates:
In an Associated Press interview in 1989, Mr. Kerry said, "Entire nations will be wiped off the face of the Earth by the
     year 2000 if the global warming trend is not reversed
."
In a 2007 article in 'The Guardian', John Kerry wrote, "Time is running out to tackle global warming. We have no more
     than 10 years left to save the world
."
On 'CBS This Morning' in June 2008, Mr. Kerry declared, "By 2015, climate change will cause New York City to be
     underwater
." (If you live in or often visit NYC, you may be forgiven if you find this totally absurd.)

Speaking at Miami Dade College in 2009, Mr. Kerry stated, "By 2015, about 60 percent of Miami-Dade County will be
     submerged
." (And of course if you live in Miami, you might find this rather disingenuous.)

In 2009, Kerry ominously predicted that global warming was such an imminent threat to humanity that, "The Arctic will be
     ice-free by 2014
." (But according to NOAA, the Arctic ice sheet actually experienced record growth from 2013 to 2014.)
 
In 2018, appearing with Greta Thunberg, Mr. Kerry asserted, "Climate change will wipe out all of humanity unless we
     stop using fossil fuels over the next five years
." (So "all of humanity" was supposed to be wiped out by last year, 2023.)
   Here are a few more of the interesting predictions Kerry made over the decades.  In 1962 - "Oil will be gone in 10 years."  In 1975 - "Another Ice Age is coming in 10 years." (An Ice Age, really?)  In 1984 - "Acid rain will have destroyed all crops in 10 years."  In 1991 - "The ozone layer will be destroyed in 10 years."  In 2004 - "Both polar ice caps will be gone in 10 years." Not exactly an optimist, is he? Back in 2020, even NBC News reported that "John Kerry's climate predictions have never been accurate."
   Interestingly, after a number of speeches John Kerry made at the 'UN Climate Change Conference' in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in December of 2023, a government watchdog group'Protect the Public’s Trust'filed an ethics complaint against Mr. Kerry, charging him with spreading false information about climate change. The complaint notes that that on multiple instances John Kerry violated the 'Federal Scientific Integrity Policy'—which requires officials to "communicate scientific information accurately based on the best available evidence"—and requested a federal investigation into Mr. Kerry, his statements, and his continuing in the role of 'Special Presidential Envoy for Climate'.
     The ethics complaint states: "John Kerry’s recent claims that the continued existence of the planet is at risk, and that global warming is causing 15 million annual deaths, are hysterical pronouncements of the most dangerous type. These claims have been made entirely without evidence and designed to frighten the public to advance a political agenda. In short, it is precisely the sort of disinformation the administration’s and State Department’s scientific integrity policies were intended to prevent."
     "Such blatant misstatements of scientific information to the public are, by their very nature, a threat to public trust and good governance. It is made far worse when such disinformation is used to publicly support sweeping policy changes, which would have untold effects upon the economy and lives of the American people writ large."

    So what can we surmise about Mr. Kerry? All of his claims, past and present, make one thing perfectly obviousnone of his claims or "predictions" are based on any kind of valid scientific studies or evidence, they are motivated by something else entirely. And it's worth noting that John Kerry owns two large yachts, 12 cars (none of which are electric), a private jet (titled to a holding company), and six homes. This includes a $12 million waterfront estate on Martha's Vineyard, which he purchased in March of 2017 and has never offered for sale, even though he's certainly aware that in its location on a beach right by the ocean, the main floor of the mansion it is merely 3 feet, 4 inches above sea level at mean high tide. Remember that Mr. Kerry claimed that New York City would be "underwater" by 2015—and NYC has an average elevation of 33 feet above sea level.
    UPDATE - JANUARY 14: John Kerry announced that he will step down from his position as Biden’s special climate envoy in late winter or early spring, as reported by numerous media outlets on Saturday, January 13th. Kerry’s departure from the position comes just weeks after he led the U.S. negotiating team at the U.N. climate conference in Dubai. The news was first reported by Axios, which went on to say that Kerry is stepping down "to help with Biden’s reelection campaign."
     Another source, a person on Kerry's climate team who was granted anonymity, said that in exchange for Kerry's resignation a deal had been made
to withdraw an ethics complaint lodged by 'Protect the Public’s Trust', and to permanently suspend pending investigations by the 'House Committee on Ethics' and the 'Office of Congressional Ethics'.

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